Publications

Publications on cyberhate and harassment 2020–2025

Verkkohäirinnän seuraukset: Miten uhrit, sivustaseuraajat ja yhteisöt selviytyvät häirinnästä internetissä. [The consequences of online harassment: How victims, bystanders, and communities cope with harassment on the internet.] Kriminologia, 6(2), 41-56.

Celuch, M. (2025)

Full text of article Verkkohäirinnän seuraukset: Miten uhrit, sivustaseuraajat ja yhteisöt selviytyvät häirinnästä internetissä. [The consequences of online harassment: How victims, bystanders, and communities cope with harassment on the internet.] Kriminologia, 6(2), 41-56.

Exploring Cybervictimisation: An Integrative Approach to the Dynamics Behind Victimisation

Mikkola, M.

Full text of article Exploring Cybervictimisation: An Integrative Approach to the Dynamics Behind Victimisation

Cybercrime target exposure, suitability, personality and victimization: A longitudinal approach. Finnish Journal of Social Research.

Mikkola, M., Kaakinen, M., Savela, N., Oksa, R., Savolainen, I., & Oksanen, A. (2024).

Full text of article Cybercrime target exposure, suitability, personality and victimization: A longitudinal approach. Finnish Journal of Social Research.

Aftermath of Abuse on the Internet: Reactions of targets and bystanders to online harassment

Celuch, M.

Full text of article Aftermath of Abuse on the Internet: Reactions of targets and bystanders to online harassment

The pervasive challenge of cyberbullying at work: The current evidence. In Michelle Wright (ed.), The psychology of cyberbullying (pp. 223–234). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Celuch, M., Oksa, R., & Oksanen, A. (2024).

Full text of article The pervasive challenge of cyberbullying at work: The current evidence. In Michelle Wright (ed.), The psychology of cyberbullying (pp. 223–234). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

Self-censorship among online harassment targets: The role of support at work, harassment characteristics, and the target’s public visibility self-censoring. Information, Communication & Society.

Celuch, L., Oksa, R., Ellonen, N., & Oksanen, A. (2023).

Full text of article Self-censorship among online harassment targets: The role of support at work, harassment characteristics, and the target’s public visibility self-censoring. Information, Communication & Society.

Measuring hate: Does a definition affect self-reported lives of perpetration and exposure to online hate in surveys? Social Science Computer Review.

Hawdon, J., Reichelmann, A., Costello, M., Llorent, V., Räsänen, P., Zych, I., Oksanen, A., & Blaya, C. (2023).

Full text of article Measuring hate: Does a definition affect self-reported lives of perpetration and exposure to online hate in surveys? Social Science Computer Review.

Defending others online: The influence of observing formal and informal social control on one’s willingness to defend cyberhate victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

Costello, M., Hawdon, J., Reichelmann, A., Oksanen, A., Blaya, C., Llorent, V. J., Räsänen, P., & Zych, I., (2023).

Full text of article Defending others online: The influence of observing formal and informal social control on one’s willingness to defend cyberhate victims. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

Online harassment and hate among media professionals: Reactions to one’s own and others’ victimization. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.

Celuch, M., Latikka, R., Oksa, R., & Oksanen, A. (2023).

Full text of article Online harassment and hate among media professionals: Reactions to one’s own and others’ victimization. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly.

Longitudinal effects of cyberbullying at work on well-being and strain: A five-wave survey study. New Media & Society.

Celuch, M., Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022).

Full text of article Longitudinal effects of cyberbullying at work on well-being and strain: A five-wave survey study. New Media & Society.

Cyberharassment Victimization on Three Continents: An Integrative Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

Mikkola, M., Ellonen, N., Kaakinen, M., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., Zych, I., Paek, H.-J., & Oksanen, A. (2022).

Full text of article Cyberharassment Victimization on Three Continents: An Integrative Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.

Factors associated with online hate acceptance: A cross-national six-country study among young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 19.

Celuch, M., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., Costello, M., Blaya, C., Zych, I., Llorent, V. J., Reichelmann, A., Hawdon, J. (2022).

Full text of article Factors associated with online hate acceptance: A cross-national six-country study among young adults. International Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 19.

Deep Interest in School Shootings Online

Raitanen, J. (2021).

Full text of article Deep Interest in School Shootings Online

Hate and harassment in academia: The rising concern of the online environment. Higher Education.

Oksanen, A., Celuch, M., Latikka, R., Oksa, R., & Savela, N. (2021).

Full text of article Hate and harassment in academia: The rising concern of the online environment. Higher Education.

Individual factors predicting reactions to online harassment among Finnish professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107022.

Celuch, M., Savela, N., Oksa, R., Latikka, R., & Oksanen, A. (2021).

Full text of article Individual factors predicting reactions to online harassment among Finnish professionals. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107022.

Online dating applications and risk of youth victimization: A lifestyle exposure perspective. Aggressive Behavior.

Kaakinen, M., Koivula, A., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., Mikkola, M., Zych, I., Paek, H.-J., & Oksanen, A. (2021).

Full text of article Online dating applications and risk of youth victimization: A lifestyle exposure perspective. Aggressive Behavior.

Online hate and Zeitgeist of fear: a five-country longitudinal analysis of hate exposure and fear of terrorism after the Paris terrorist attacks in 2015. Political Psychology.

Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A., Gadarian, S., Solheim, Ø. Vázquez, F., Winsvold, M., Enjolras, B., & Steen-Johnsen (2021).

Full text of article Online hate and Zeitgeist of fear: a five-country longitudinal analysis of hate exposure and fear of terrorism after the Paris terrorist attacks in 2015. Political Psychology.

Hate speech and cultural divides within and across societies. In E. Insalaco, R. Omeyri, J. Jauhiainen, & H. Samy (eds.) Intercultural Trend and Social Change in the Euro-Mediterranean Region: The Anna Lindth Report 2021 (pp. 45–46). Alexandria: Anna Lindth Foundation.

Oksanen, A. (2021)

Full text of article Hate speech and cultural divides within and across societies. In E. Insalaco, R. Omeyri, J. Jauhiainen, & H. Samy (eds.) Intercultural Trend and Social Change in the Euro-Mediterranean Region: The Anna Lindth Report 2021 (pp. 45–46). Alexandria: Anna Lindth Foundation.

The role of impulsivity, social relations online and offline and compulsive Internet use in cyberaggression: A four-country study. New Media & Society.

Zych, I., Kaakinen, M., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., Paek, H-J., Oksanen, A. (2021).

Full text of article The role of impulsivity, social relations online and offline and compulsive Internet use in cyberaggression: A four-country study. New Media & Society.

Cyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 109(August).

Oksanen, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N., Kaakinen, M., Ellonen, N. (2020).

Full text of article Cyberbullying victimization at work: Social media identity bubble approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 109(August).

Individual and community-level predictors of hate crime victimization among Finnish adolescents. Journal of Youth Studies.

Ellonen, N., Danielsson, P., Tanskanen, M., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A. (2020).

Full text of article Individual and community-level predictors of hate crime victimization among Finnish adolescents. Journal of Youth Studies.

Disquieted by online hate: negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26 (1), 23–37.

Savimäki, T., Kaakinen, M., Räsänen, P., & Oksanen, A. (2020)

Full text of article Disquieted by online hate: negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 26 (1), 23–37.

Hate Knows no Boundaries: Content and Exposure to Online Hate in Six Nations. Deviant Behavior.

Reichelman, A., Hawdon, J., Costello, M., Ryan, J., Blaya, C., Llorent, V., Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., Zych, & Ryan, J. (2020)

Full text of article Hate Knows no Boundaries: Content and Exposure to Online Hate in Six Nations. Deviant Behavior.

Situational and Individual Risk Factors for Cybercrime Victimization in a Cross-national Context. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Mikkola, M., Oksanen, A., Kaakinen, M., Miller, B. L., Savolainen, I., Sirola, A., Zych, I., & Paek, H. J. (2020).

Full text of article Situational and Individual Risk Factors for Cybercrime Victimization in a Cross-national Context. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology

Impulsivity, Internalizing Symptoms, and Online Group Behavior as Determinants of Online Hate. PlosOne 15(4): e0231052.

Kaakinen, M., Sirola, A., Savolainen, I. & Oksanen, A. (2020).

Full text of article Impulsivity, Internalizing Symptoms, and Online Group Behavior as Determinants of Online Hate. PlosOne 15(4): e0231052.

Deep interest in school shootings and online radicalization. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management.

Raitanen, J. & Oksanen, A. (2019).

Full text of article Deep interest in school shootings and online radicalization. Journal of Threat Assessment and Management.

Selected publications on cyberhate, cyberharassment and cybercrime during years 2014–2019

The bullying-school shooting nexus: bridging master narratives of mass violence with personal narratives of social exclusion. Deviant Behavior, 40(1), 96–109.

Raitanen, J., Sandberg, S., & Oksanen, A. (2019)

Full text of article The bullying-school shooting nexus: bridging master narratives of mass violence with personal narratives of social exclusion. Deviant Behavior, 40(1), 96–109.

How Social Capital Associates With Online Hate Victimization. Policy & Internet, 10(3), 302–323.

Kaakinen, M., Keipi, T., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2018)

Full text of article How Social Capital Associates With Online Hate Victimization. Policy & Internet, 10(3), 302–323.

Cybercrime victimization and subjective well-being: An examination of buffering effect hypothesis among adolescents and young adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(2), 129–137.

Kaakinen, M., Keipi, T., Räsänen, P. & Oksanen, A. (2018)

Full text of article Cybercrime victimization and subjective well-being: An examination of buffering effect hypothesis among adolescents and young adults. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 21(2), 129–137.

Did the Risk of Exposure to Online Hate Increase After the November 2015 Paris Attacks? A Group Relations Approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 78(January), 90–97.

Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A. & Räsänen, P. (2018)

Full text of article Did the Risk of Exposure to Online Hate Increase After the November 2015 Paris Attacks? A Group Relations Approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 78(January), 90–97.

Social capital and online hate production: A four country survey. Crime, Law & Social Change, 69(1), 25–39.

Kaakinen, M., Räsänen, P., Näsi, M., Minkkinen, J., Keipi, T., & Oksanen, A. (2018)

Full text of article Social capital and online hate production: A four country survey. Crime, Law & Social Change, 69(1), 25–39.

Exposure to online hate material and subjective wellbeing: A comparative study of American and Finnish youth. Online Information Review, 42(1), 2–15.

Keipi, T., Räsänen, P., Oksanen, A., Näsi, M., & Hawdon, J. (2018)

Full text of article Exposure to online hate material and subjective wellbeing: A comparative study of American and Finnish youth. Online Information Review, 42(1), 2–15.

Perceived societal fear and cyberhate after the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks. Terrorism & Political Violence.

Oksanen, A., Kaakinen, M., Minkkinen, J., Räsänen, P., Enjolras, B., & Steen-Johnsen, K. (2018)

Full text of article Perceived societal fear and cyberhate after the November 2015 Paris Terrorist Attacks. Terrorism & Political Violence.

Global Online Subculture surrounding School Shootings. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 195–209.

Raitanen, J. & Oksanen, A. (2018)

Full text of article Global Online Subculture surrounding School Shootings. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 195–209.

Disconnected online : A social psychological examination of online hate

Kaakinen, M. (2018)

Full text of article Disconnected online : A social psychological examination of online hate

Disquieted by online hate: negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, online first.

Savimäki, T., Kaakinen, M., Räsänen, P., & Oksanen, A. (2018)

Full text of article Disquieted by online hate: negative experiences of Finnish adolescents and young adults. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, online first.

Exposure to online hate in four nations: A Cross-National Consideration. Deviant Behavior, 38(3), 254–266.

Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017)

Full text of article Exposure to online hate in four nations: A Cross-National Consideration. Deviant Behavior, 38(3), 254–266.

Social tie strength and online victimization: An analysis of young people aged 15 to 30 years in four nations. Social Media + Society, 3:1.

Keipi, T., Kaakinen, M., Oksanen, A. & Räsänen, P. (2017)

Full text of article Social tie strength and online victimization: An analysis of young people aged 15 to 30 years in four nations. Social Media + Society, 3:1.

Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-National Perspectives. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.

Keipi, T., Näsi, M., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2017)

Full text of article Online Hate and Harmful Content: Cross-National Perspectives. Abingdon & New York: Routledge.

Do routine activities help explain young adults’ online harassment: A multi-nation study. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17(4), 418–432.

Näsi, M., Räsänen, P., Kaakinen, M., Keipi, T. & Oksanen, A. (2017).

Full text of article Do routine activities help explain young adults’ online harassment: A multi-nation study. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 17(4), 418–432.

Trust and victimization: A cross-national comparison of the U.S., Finland, Germany and the UK. Research in Finnish Society, 10(2), 119–131.

Näsi, M., Räsänen, P., Keipi, T., & Oksanen, A. (2017)

Full text of article Trust and victimization: A cross-national comparison of the U.S., Finland, Germany and the UK. Research in Finnish Society, 10(2), 119–131.

Young people who access harm-advocating online content: A four-country survey. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(2).

Oksanen, A., Näsi, M., Minkkinen, J., Keipi, T., Kaakinen, M., & Räsänen, P. (2016)

Full text of article Young people who access harm-advocating online content: A four-country survey. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 10(2).

Viktimisierung junger Menschen im Internet. Leitfaden für Pädagogen und Psychologen. Wiesbaden: Springer.

Robertz, F., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2016)

Full text of article Viktimisierung junger Menschen im Internet. Leitfaden für Pädagogen und Psychologen. Wiesbaden: Springer.

Targets of online hate: Examining determinants of victimization among Young Finnish Facebook Users. Violence & Victims, 31(4), 708–726.

Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Näsi, M., Keipi, T., & Oksanen, A. (2016)

Full text of article Targets of online hate: Examining determinants of victimization among Young Finnish Facebook Users. Violence & Victims, 31(4), 708–726.

Online extremism and online hate: Exposure among adolescents and young adults in four nations. Nordicom Information, 37(3–4), 29–37.

Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2015)

Full text of article Online extremism and online hate: Exposure among adolescents and young adults in four nations. Nordicom Information, 37(3–4), 29–37.

Exposure to online hate material and social trust among Finnish youth. Information Technology & People, 28(3), 607–628.

Näsi, M., Räsänen, P., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., & Oksanen, A. (2015)

Full text of article Exposure to online hate material and social trust among Finnish youth. Information Technology & People, 28(3), 607–628.

Exposure to Online Hate Among Young Social Media Users. Sociological Studies of Children & Youth, 18, 253–273.

Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., Holkeri, E., Näsi, M., & Räsänen, P. (2014)

Full text of article Exposure to Online Hate Among Young Social Media Users. Sociological Studies of Children & Youth, 18, 253–273.

Glamorizing Rampage Online: School Shooting Fan Communities on YouTube. Technology in Society, 39, 55–67.

Oksanen, A., Hawdon, J., & Räsänen, P. (2014)

Full text of article Glamorizing Rampage Online: School Shooting Fan Communities on YouTube. Technology in Society, 39, 55–67.

Hate Groups: From offline to online social identifications. In J. Hawdon, J. Ryan & M. Lucht (Eds.), The Causes and Consequences of Group Violence: From Bullies to Terrorists (pp. 21–47). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books – Rowman & Littlefield.

Oksanen, A., Räsänen, P., & Hawdon, J. (2014)

Victims of Online Groups: American Youth’s Exposure to Online Hate Speech. In J. Hawdon, J. Ryan & M. Lucht (Eds.), The Causes and Consequences of Group Violence: From Bullies to Terrorists (pp. 165–182). Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books – Rowman & Littlefield.

Hawdon, J., Oksanen, A., & Räsänen, P. (2014)

Young People as Victims of Crime on the Internet: A Population-based Study in Finland. Vulnerable Children & Youth Studies, 8(4), 298–309.

Oksanen, A., & Keipi, T. (2013)

Full text of article Young People as Victims of Crime on the Internet: A Population-based Study in Finland. Vulnerable Children & Youth Studies, 8(4), 298–309.